![]() ![]() The pattern of the disintegration of traditional leadership seemed to differ in Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei. The Bantustans' governments passed various pieces of legislation to control the institution of traditional leadership, exercised control over traditional leaders and allowed them minimal independence in their traditional role. The traditional authorities in the Bantustans of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei seemed to be used by the apartheid regime and were no longer accountable to their communities but to the apartheid regime. During the era of apartheid, from the late 1940s onwards, the institution of tribal authorities served as the local government in various homelands. ![]() In the former British colonial government and the Union Government of South Africa, this institution served as part of the managerial mechanism in rural areas, in the administrative system commonly known as indirect rule. It has existed and worked hand in hand with former governments in South Africa for almost a century. ![]() The institution of a tribal authority is not newly created in South Africa as a whole. The Bantustans were rather more than simply “puppet regimes”, and one of the singular features of post-apartheid South Africa is the extent to which the spatial and institutional legacies of Bantustans survive in contemporary South Africa. ![]()
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